Chikungunya

Chikungunya is a viral vector-borne disease transmitted to humans by mosquitos. In Africa, wild primates are the main reservoir of the virus.

The disease was first described in Tanzania in 1953. Chikungunya means “that which bends you up” in Swahili.

Prior to 2013, outbreaks had been reported in Africa, Asia, and across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. After 2013, large outbreaks were focussed in the Americas and the Caribbean.

More than a million cases were reported globally in 2014. Chikungunya has now spread to more than 45 countries and territories. The disease confers lifelong immunity.

The Chikungunya virus is mostly transmitted by the bite of a female Aedes mosquito. This is the same species responsible for transmission of both dengue fever and zika. These mosquitos mostly bite during the day but can also bite at night. Their habitat relates strongly to urbanization with eggs being laid in small vessels containing water: bowls, buckets, dishes, and vases found inside and outside dwelling. Water in canoes and small ponds also provides good breeding sites. 

The US FDA (Federal Drug Administration) has recently (November 2023) approved the first Chikungunya vaccine. It is aimed at individuals over 18 years of age who are at increased risk of exposure to the chikungunya virus.

Chikungunya disease is a concern for travellers. Aedes mosquitos are found in many tropical and subtropical locations world-wide. Many countries have reported cases in popular tourist destinations. The risk is highest in countries experiencing outbreaks.

India has reported a surge in cases in Jammu during November 2023. It coincided with a large increase in dengue. This will likely disappear with the cooler months.

An epidemic is currently (December 2023) being reported in Burkina Faso.

Attention to mosquito avoidance measures is important for everyone travelling in risk areas. While Chikungunya may not be a serious disease in most instances, other mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and malaria might have serious consequences.